Pattern rule makefile a @: While testing the parallelization possibilities in case of recursive make, I have stumbled on a weird behavior with the pattern rules. Note that putting main as prerequisite to an unrelated rule, such as: %. 6. p, Implicit rules are either pattern rules or suffix rules found in the rules database built-in to make. The order in which pattern rules appear in the makefile is important since this is the order in which they are considered. Just add all the dependencies in as many rules as you need and get to the fun stuff -- writing code and seeing it work. I will use an example with hello. pattern rules hold the pattern in % 4. yyy and Z01. Came up with a workaround. o has three prerequisites, but as they do not exist, they aren't specified as explicit targets, and they only appear as prerequisites of implicit rules (i. $ touch a. The only way to do what you want is to enable Secondary Expansion in your makefile. c, or by Pascal compilation-and-linking from foo. See section How to Use Variables, and section Functions for Transforming Text. cc file Is there a way to apply VPATH only to certain rules? Let's say I want a different flags/libraries/includes for the "test" . o in the makefile. o outputs f77 -c -o test. For example, a very common procedure in makefiles is something like this: No single implicit rule can appear more than once in a chain. Create one Makefile rule for several files. The rules you write take precedence over those that are built in. c exists or can be made. 4 How Patterns Match. Recently I have seen pattern rules in makefiles. It's because make doesn't know that the . In this example, I made up the . Hot Network Questions Can a thunderstorm affect a satellite in low earth orbit? Space colonization book, first published in 1950s or 1960s, where people of Earth are being "drafted" to colonize other planets Connectedness of complement of intersection of two balls Pattern rules with no recipes at all are documented as meaning something quite different from those providing a recipe, even an empty one. txt python $^ $@ % is a Make wildcard, matching any number of any While trying to fix the problem, I found that defining an explicit rule for main. and. /a. So when make is trying to match the pattern rule it will see that the . x file depends on an arbitrary number of . bar both have to be made, the rule will only be executed once, but if baz. Further the Makefile shall (in future) take into account to rebuild the code if header-files were changed In that case, make will choose the rule with the shortest stem (that is, the pattern that matches most specifically). If The relevant detail you are missing is in section 10. defines a rule that can make any file x whatsoever from a corresponding file x,v in the sub-directory RCS. txt | build/. – # This Makefile uses less hard coded rules, via static pattern rules objects = foo. R sourcedata Rscript $< sourcedata: wget "sourcedata. o structu Multiple targets means something like: %. o makefile clang: warning: makefile This is an explicit exception to the general rule that the most narrowly matching (shortest stemmed) rule will always be caused to match. I have no idea why enabling or disabling builtin rule should do anything about pattern matching, so does anyone have idea why this is happening Nope. in myscript $< $@ I want this rule to be triggered not only when the files quux. c # dest files dest pattern source pattern $(SOURCE_OBJECTS): obj/%. Recipe that produces multiple targets. Each . When make needs to $ make -f Makefile. The usual way to solve this is ether hard coding values in the recipes or using rule-specific flags (maybe CVAR and BVAR in your case). Starting with GNU make 3. foo. Instead of saying %. How can I pass a rule pattern in a makefile to filter dependencies? Related. py books/%. res | build/. o clang++ -c -o makefile. Following what is proposed here, I can do this with a makefile as follows:. o : src/%. this rule and the builtin implicit rules), the rule is This is because of how makefiles are remade. ├── anotherdir │ ├── output │ │ ├── source3. Ask Question Asked 11 years, 9 months ago. c rule, the result is the same. Makefile with pattern and wildcards: No rule to make target. However, despite the simplicity of this usage case, I'm getting errors. cc in folder src. Ask Question Asked 11 years, 7 months ago. Prior to GNU make 3. H Just had this myself and it was due to a hidden space after a "/" in a variable definition i. %. y b_2. I am new to writing makefiles. txt: %. pattern rules hold the pattern in % symbol. c $(CC) -o $@ $^ $(CFLAGS) There are further minor Consider the following Makefile: all: *. Learn makefile - GNU Pattern Rules. c should tell, for each source file generate the object file (they should returned in the same level of the Makefile and main. There are two basic types of rules in a makefile: explicit rules and implicit rules. anthony@Zia:/tmp/foo$ rm test anthony@Zia:/tmp/foo$ echo 'all: test test\ space' > Makefile anthony@Zia:/tmp/foo$ make cc test. Makefile single recipe for multiple patterns. bar $ make -f <(echo '%. Our Makefile still has repeated content. CC = gcc CFLAGS = -Wall LDFLAGS = OBJFILES = structuri_c. json ├── output Prior to version 3. csv: %. I tried to write a pattern rule for that: %. Viewed 6k times 9 I have a set of . We can replace these rules with a single pattern rule which can be used GNU Makefile - Pattern rule with multiple targets with one dependency ignores all targets but the first. Ask Question Asked 12 years, 7 months ago. (If there's a tie for the stem length then it chooses the first shortest-stemmed pattern rule). o: %. Here, I also have a pattern rule that has the target of another pattern rule as a prerequisite; however, contrary to the example above, it works perfectly well if I do make test. Implicit pattern rules are different from static pattern rules, or ordinary non-pattern rules in that they only apply when they either have no prerequisites ("unconditionally make this thing") or else the But I could't find anything in the manual ressembling a pattern rule with a wildcard like $(ASY_OBJ) : %. Of equally applicable rules, only the first one found is used. Phony targets are also useful in conjunction with recursive invocations of make (see Recursive Use of make). I'm trying to make a makefile to manage super-tiny projects in separate directories, that are Pattern rule not found in Makefile. Beginner in writing makefile; checking my Makefile. c %. user5359531 user5359531. – How can I use the $(filter) function in GNU makefile static pattern rules? Or is there another approach to do accomplish this? The hierarchy now looks like this: source1/ a source2/ b source3/ c build/ I want it to look like this: source1/ a source2/ b source3/ c build/ a b c How does the pattern rule work? In order for the pattern rule to apply, its target pattern must match the file name under consideration and all of its prerequisites (after pattern substitution) must name files that exist or can be made. Makefile patsubst multiple occcurence in replacement pattern. GNU Make Pattern Rules on Windows. o, or by C compilation-and-linking in one step from foo. c" doesn't exist. A pattern rule If they had an extension (for example . Hot Network Questions Fibers of generic smooth maps between manifolds of equal dimension Yes, both static pattern rules and implicit pattern rules can have multiple prerequisites that contain a % reference to the pattern stem. pb. I guess the trick in this SO question does not work with pattern rules. Hot Network Questions Implicit Rules. o bar. c’ as a pattern matches any file name that ends in ‘. Then you could observe the following confusion on the part of the compiler: $ make makefile. However, I don't understand why it works, how it works, and can't find anything about it in manual. Sometimes makefiles can be remade from other files. Pattern rules can have multiple targets but, unlike normal rules, the recipe is responsible for making all the targets. In that, I tried to have a pattern rule for removing files:. Make: Combining Pattern Rules and Wildcards in a Target Dependency. y a_2. Specifically (emphasis mine): A pattern rule can be used to build a given file only if there is a I'm working on a project using makefile. Multiple patterns Consider the following Makefile: all: *. x) I could make a pattern rule like: %. Using pattern rules, we can rewrite the Makefile and get a I have to make a static pattern rule in this makefile to avoid to use all the source files for each executable file. json │ └── source4. o file2. SECONDARY doesn't accept pattern rules, so you'll have to create an explicit list of all the generated headers. The documentation of MS nmake and of its inference rules is easily found. SHELL := /bin/bash a_% : a1_% a2_% b_% : b1_% b2_% %_b3 a_% b_%: cat $^ > $@ How to make a pattern rule in a Makefile with multiple patterns? 4. Having a built-in database of rules makes writing makefile s easier since for many common tasks make already knows the file types, suffixes, and programs for updating targets. o src/%. However, a rule whose dependencies actually exist or are mentioned always takes priority over The answer to that is MS nmake does not support %-pattern rules at all. This constraint has the added benefit of preventing any infinite loop in the search for an implicit rule chain. GNU Pattern Rules Related Examples. Makefile: match multiple pattern rules. md │ │ └── source4. You can only set variable for targets, not rules. Notionally, at this point we have: Introduced a motivating problem (comparing AirBnB prices in two similar-sized cities in different countries, Toronto and Chicago) Makefile pattern rule targets for pattern part. The rest of the pattern must match pattern matching rule in makefile. These files become prerequisites of the target. So, you can try to create rules which ensure shorter stems to take priority. o. in or foobar. So, %. d: %. bin: % (executable output from gcc doesn't have a suffix, at least on Linux). SUFFIXES: a a. You can't do this with explicit rules. o files. With that syntax you provide list of possible targets, but use pattern for generate own rule for every target in this list: FILENAMES = foo bar # Generate list of precise targets names FILENAMES_OBJ = $(addsuffix . Manual required clean steps are a "code smell" for make. orig file doesn't exist and it doesn't have any way that it knows how to make that file, so the pattern doesn't match, and after that Makefile pattern rules. y will make both x. y files. h: %. Makefile match pattern in command. txt hello. png: %. For example, this rule: If the makefile were actually written by a human being, looking at all the tasks at once and synthesizing a pattern, your rules would be fine. cc %d echo `time` &gt; $*. c’. You could suppress the circularity by expressly deleting the builtin inverse rule, by writing the empty rule: %: %. 1 But see perhaps Makefile match anything rule as intermediate. That is to say that. This means that make will not even consider such a ridiculous thing as making foo from foo. 5. o b. Make File Rules. cpp files that I want to compile. GNU make and some other make tools support %-pattern rules. But if your pattern rule would be $(OBJS):%. You can create two different pattern rules that can build the same target. cc file If they had an extension (for example . How can I pass a rule pattern in a makefile to filter dependencies? 0. dependency check in automake rules. out: %. Complex pattern rule in Makefile. To always rebuild a pattern rule consider using a “force target” (see Rules without Recipes or Prerequisites). GNU, makefile by autotools - David Rodgriquez has the right idea: make has built-in rules that will handle this for you. pid'. Simple pattern rule in make. o'. all: src/foo. c and How do you define pattern-specific variables for makefile pattern rules containing a patterned prerequisite? 4. c OR . What a static pattern rule means is that for each word in targets, Make is actually fine with almost all weird filenames: only names containing whitespace are problematic. This is similar to a pattern rule but requires a list of targets it applies to. EDIT: Scratch that. Hot Network Questions Passphrase entropy calculation, Wikipedia version Makefile: Pattern rule as first rule. For explicit rules, multiple targets define multiple separate rules, one for each target. How to make makefile to use pattern rule? Hot Network Questions Is there content difference between Exalted Third Edition, Exalted Third A rule without a recipe simply adds any provided prerequisites to the given target. Modified 11 years, 7 months ago. c and x. c). o $(objects) $(link) won't work (because it specifies that to build any file you can use this rule). o structuri_1. The same problem happens when you write a makefile. You should probably consider writing a pattern rule how to Makefile pattern rules. txt;') a. cpp. res: res/%. I do not have much experience with Makefiles, so the answer may be obvious. */ convert_to_pattern (); /* Install the default implicit pattern rules. The wildcard character * is used to simply generate a list of matching files in the current directory. Example: Note that the directory prefix (D), as described in Implicit Rule Search Algorithm, is appended (after expansion) to all the patterns in the prerequisites list. PRECIOUS accepts pattern rules, but it will keep Override static pattern rule in Makefile (without it giving a warning) 0. A pattern rule says this is one way you can build that target. , default – does not contain the character %. Custom rules are written as normal Make rules. rules to the makefile one at a time. txt wordcount . I cannot As @Calmarius mentions in comments this doesn't apply to pattern rules, like %. c. js file when it differs from the intermediate file. Modified 2 years ago. It boils down that every rule - also implicit via pattern matching - which has in its prerequisites an explicit phony target (i. o: makefile my_haeder. Makefile pattern rules with regex. o' from another file `stem. To expand on the Wildcard pitfall example from the manual which you had already discovered,. The single execution applies to targets that have the same stem: if baz. I believe the shortest-stem matching was added in Make 3. I have a minimal example here:. However, I was not able to find what I am looking for in the GNU make manual or elsewhere on stackoverflow. The target is a pattern for matching file names; the ‘%’ matches any nonempty substring, while other characters match only themselves. txt1 first, then copies it as test. They are more general than ordinary rules with Another example are the architecture-specific Makefiles which need custom rules to prepare boot images etc. The targets list specifies the targets that the rule applies to. Hot Network Questions Can a thunderstorm affect a satellite in low earth orbit? Space colonization book, first published in 1950s or 1960s, where people of Earth are being "drafted" to colonize other planets Connectedness of complement of intersection of two balls In the containing makefile (the one that wants to include the other), you can use a match-anything pattern rule to say that to remake any target that cannot be made from the information in the containing makefile, make should look in another makefile. dat This is a pattern rule with no commands, which Make does not interpret as an independent rule at all. It lists the other files that are the prerequisites of the Our Makefile still has repeated content. cpp rule ('make' in this case) is shorter than the stem for the %. If the target pattern doesn't contain slashes, make will remove the directory part from the target it's trying to build before matching. If you want to have most targets use one recipe but a few use another recipe, you should define a real pattern rule for "most" targets, not a How can I use a Makefile pattern rule for this instead to make the correct file? regex; makefile; Share. Object file It really isn't that great to start with, because nothing actually generates file wat so the target is always out of date and the Makefile really is just a somewhat glorified shell script. For pattern rules, multiple targets means that a single invocation of the pattern rule recipe builds all the targets. It only provided the part of the makefile that defines prerequisites for $(PROG), since that was the part related to How to make a pattern rule in a Makefile with multiple patterns? 0. The rules you The solution is already in @John's comment. png: If any other rule, in turn, asks for some file, which does not itself have an explicit rule, but ends in . orig file exists: you have a rule that builds $(TMP_DIR) but make doesn't know that this rule also builds $(TMP_DIR)/somefile. Viewed 920 times 1 Is it possible to write pattern rule like: %. out %. Line 42 should invoke the rule at line 58. If a makefile can be remade from other files, Since you have only one target pattern in your rule (test_%. *: %. There's more than one way to fix this; the simplest is probably to give it a do-nothing command: %. Here your pattern rules have recipes. The makefile here would also fail in GNU make due to obvious blunders. Since there's no recipe, there's no explicit rule and make will search the pattern rules to find a recipe. Using pattern rules, we can rewrite the Makefile and get a No single implicit rule can appear more than once in a chain. txt will match both datafoo. However it doesn't work, why? (it's been a while since my last makefile). Some of the make rules have the following format: a. The solution to the problem here is to use intermediate files that always get generated and then only update the actual . Also, there are numerous pattern rules that would allow make to create a missing %. When a pattern rule’s target is just Suppose the makefile mentions foo. Improve this question. Makefile implicit rules matching . make - pattern rule target wrongly treated as intermediate. Pattern rules are often used but quite confusing. c' says how to make any file `stem. For instance I would like to be able to add new markdown If the first rule in the makefile has several targets, only the first target in the rule becomes the default goal, not the whole list. Therefore, it can't be qualified as a pattern rule, so the % Directory wildcard in Makefile pattern rule. But if you add in I am trying to simplify a Makefile. Note however, that a rule whose dependencies actually exist or are mentioned always takes # This Makefile uses less hard coded rules, via static pattern rules objects = foo. 1. 0. However, remember that all recipes are actually run in the shell, and the shell has a lot of rules about special filenames. png, then this rule will be invoked. */ snap_deps (); /* Convert old-style suffix rules to pattern rules. Pattern rule with partial dependency. tic also copies the Implicit (pattern) rules and explicit rules work in the opposite way from each other. f in the current directory, make -n test. a : $(LIB_DIR)/%. In this situation the makefile will often contain a variable which lists a number of sub-directories to be built. where the environment is not set up properly. GNU make rule for multiple targets. GNU Make pattern rule issues. Can a makefile Pattern Rule prerequisite be a Pattern Rule? 0. GNU Make expand pattern within shell command. You can look at them as two ways: A way to define your own implicit rules; A simpler form of static pattern rules; Let's start with an example first: # Define a pattern rule that Here is the pattern rule to generate a file of dependencies (i. jpeg (for example) says, “unless there is a more specific rule, here is how to convert from a JPEG to a PNG image. Generate dynamically Makefile rules. What is more confusing is there are nearly identical other static pattern rules in the make file I was examining that were working. h gcc -o foo %@ This for example is called a pattern-rule and means for each <placeholder>. . c You would have to say. c gcc -c $< -o $@ Static pattern rules are rules which specify multiple targets and construct the prerequisite names for each target based on the target name. Makefile : create rules from a list of patterns. s Makefile pattern rules. Learn makefile - Directories in Pattern Rules. The / changes how Make interprets the pattern, if there is no / the pattern just has to match the filename then directory is prepended, but if there is a / the pattern must match the whole path from the beginning, as In that case, make will choose the rule with the shortest stem (that is, the pattern that matches most specifically). The rules for each . c gets you a list of all c files in one variable you can do more with % %. 5. 7. From the docs: When the target pattern does not contain a slash (and it usually does not), directory names in the file names are removed from the file name before it is compared with the target prefix and suffix. 13 Double-Colon Rules. yyy, A01. How can I create make pattern rule that can expand the target as a dependency? 4. y files based on its name. Yes, that is a bit costlier but means you can't forget to clean and end up with something broken. So The feature you are thinking of is a static pattern rule, and the syntax you give: foo : bar : baz is illegal; the bar part must be a pattern (that is, it must contain a % character). Multiple patterns within targets mean that the rule produces all these targets at once. For testing purposes I would like to add Match-Anything rule at the end of main Makefile. Explicit rules don't have to have recipes. The no-recipe rules just define extra prerequisites. I am learning makefile and came across pattern match rule as follows: %. foo make: *** No rule to make target 'a. For each <name>. Kbuild is not executing in the Unfortunately, . The pattern rule example we saw in the previous section, does not actually need to be declared in a Makefile as make has an implicit rule for C compilation. e . There is one Sure. o' files is If it doesn't then the pattern rule will not match as it's trying to find a way to build a target like | and can't. Gnu Make: how to use the pattern rule. Phony targets. ` It would only cancel the pattern rule if the pattern rule had no recipe. Basic Pattern Rule ; Directories in Pattern Rules If you have a pattern rule that cannot be replaced by a suffix rule, another possible replacement that automake doesn't complain about is a static pattern rule. o # Command to link lies here I do not understand this rule. 3,547 7 7 gold badges 35 35 silver badges 63 63 bronze badges. out However, when I try to replace them with what I think is the exact equivalent suffix rules, they don't work: Override static pattern rule in Makefile (without it giving a warning) 0. y build: $(Xs) a. cpp rule, I expected the specific rule to be selected, but it's not. GNU Makefile - Pattern rule with multiple targets with one dependency ignores all targets but the first. I have a Makefile which, once simplified, looks like this: %. foo %. Since the target is ‘%’, this rule will apply to any file whatever, provided the appropriate prerequisite file exists. As of 3. You shouldn't need to have them. orig. , a makefile) called `name. txt file in books/: %. c'. o # list all . x file I have a number of <name>_*. cp $< $@ build/%. The target-pattern and prereq-patterns say how to compute the prerequisites of each target. o files in $(OBJS)/test to sources in /test? If make were to simply substitute the name of each dataset for '%', this would be exactly what I want. h src/%. txt $ cat Makefile all: hello. cpp $(CXXCOMP) $(CXXFLAGS) -c $< main: %. d' from a C source file called `name. o c. They are more general than ordinary rules with multiple targets because the targets do not have to The rule %. Learn makefile - Basic Pattern Rule. However, a rule whose dependencies actually exist or are mentioned always takes priority over Our Makefile still has repeated content. In other words, there can be only one rule with a recipe for a given target, but there can be as I'm trying to use a pattern rule so I don't have to create identical rules for each source & object file. y bison -d $< This tells make that the recipe bison -d x. A pattern rule is indicated by a single % character in the target. cc and you request to build file build/objs/hello. o dependencies are up-to-date, so it looks for a rule matching them, which is always the %. o files here But even stranger thing is that if you explicitly disable the builtin rules by --no-builtin-rules flag, it won't match. out $* > $@ Multiple target patterns in pattern rules are always treated as grouped targets (see Multiple Targets in a Rule) regardless of whether they use the : or &: separator. You define an implicit rule by writing a pattern rule. In embedded projects you typically convert an ELF output from gcc into a raw binary form with objcopy. in are modified, but also when any of the files quux/* or foobar/* (respectively) are modified. If more than one pattern rule has the shortest stem, make will choose the first one found in the makefile. A static pattern rule is really not a pattern rule: instead it's just a shorthand for writing a lot of explicit rules. so . The first argument of the patsubst function forms the pattern. PHONY: build Xs = a. o test. This pattern rule has two targets: %. A pattern rule looks like an ordinary rule, except that its target contains the character ‘%’ (exactly one of them). Hot Network Questions Please help to adjust the landscape-mode table I don't understand why the pattern target %. out1 out2 out3: out%: a. e. Share Improve this answer In the case of %. % is a makefile internal wildcard which will serve as a placeholder in a for-each manner (I will explain below). The point is that Automake is appending dependencies and clean:: rules to the makefile one at a time. 3. The target is a pattern for matching file names; the ‘%’ matches any nonempty substring, while other characters match only themselves. Modified 12 years, 7 months ago. print-a: print-b: print-c: print-%: @echo $* Which results in: Also do magic for special targets. tab. o" can Your rule main-gs-%-m. Pattern rules use % in much the same way that patsubst does. PHONY: rm-%: rm $* where % would contain the name of the file (usually the absolute path with a leading slash). c -o test make: *** No rule to make target `test space', needed by `all'. o ones. Static pattern rules in Makefiles. o". Pattern rule for prerequisite regardless of target. o $(CXXCOMP) $(CXXFLAGS) -o $@ $^ I expect that the first rule will generate a . They are handled differently from ordinary rules when the same target I'm using macOS default built-in version of make (if it makes any difference). @MadScientist but the pattern data%. Regex in makefile. The reason your last example works Worth noting the official documentation on the matter:. foo and *. The list of rules make knows about internally that aren't in the makefile are referred to as built-in rules. /wordcount $< > $*. Makefile Static Pattern Rule. o" search will try pattern rules with stem "foo" and fail to use the rule because "foo. Static pattern rules are rules which specify multiple targets and construct the prerequisite names for each target based on the target name. This is basically a workaround for the fact that mingw32-make doesn't seem to support pattern rules Static pattern rules are useful for a different purpose: when you have multiple generate files that have names that match the pattern, but need to be built using different rules. I'm working on a project using makefile. o, with another file n. Instead they cancel any pre-existing implicit rule:. Makefile static pattern rule matching issue. Pattern Intro: An introduction defines a rule that can make any file x whatsoever from a corresponding file x,v in the sub-directory RCS. o all: $(objects). #accidental/invisible space left after the final "/" i. GNU Make how to make a static pattern rule for files that are not in the same directory? 1. h <some action> so it accepts not one but any number of headers, because I have: main. So executing make debug=1 release=1 v=1 , without an explicit target mentioned, will result in only the first entry in your $(OBJDIRS) value to become the target, not the whole list. Define a choice of prerequisites in a pattern rule. o : %_specific. The target is considered a pattern for matching file names; the ‘ % ’ can match any nonempty substring, while other characters match only themselves. So it looks at main. The second rule should has a prerequisite the object files, so it should call the first rule. We can replace these rules with a single pattern rule which can be used to build any . We call these rules match-anything rules. 10 Multiple Targets in a Rule; 4. c And your rule will be responsible for making both *. It's creating explicit rules, just based on a pattern. o by running the linker twice. If a makefile can be remade from other files, you probably want make to get an up-to-date version of the makefile to read in. h. e Makefile Dynamic Rules w/ No GNU-make Pattern. zip" But doing it like all: sourcedata $(FILES) and relying on order-of-operations would be less effective . A static pattern rule, contrary to what's implied by its name, is not actually creating an implicit rule (pattern or suffix rule). I want to find a way to have it see that "foo. c $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $< -o $ My doubt is the above rule(as per my knowledge) converts source file into object file, but with the use of automatic variable $< in above rule, it should always convert the first source file into object file, right? So suppose I have three source file name In the containing makefile (the one that wants to include the other), you can use a match-anything pattern rule to say that to remake any target that cannot be made from the information in the containing makefile, make should look in another makefile. Hot Network Questions Thus, a pattern rule `%. The shortest stem rule will make it difficult to have 3 different pattern rules for A. o files, plus your rules. Next, make needs to figure out whether each of the listed . 5 Match-Anything Pattern Rules. The pattern substitution character % is a placeholder for a file which may or may not exist at the moment. A pattern rule contains the character ‘%’ (exactly one of them) in the target; otherwise, it looks exactly like an ordinary rule. If you have not watched my bas Multiple pattern rules match the target, and since the stem for the %_specific. The targets can contain wildcard characters, just like the targets of ordinary rules (see Using Wildcard Characters in File Names). o : The pattern rules in GNU make won't be considered if their prerequisites do not resolve to existing files, either directly or recursively via other pattern rules[1]: $ make -f <(echo '%. The "foo. Explicit rules consist of rules for explicit targets, and also static pattern rules (this is definitely confusing, that "static pattern rules" are actually explicit, but they are: they are just shorthand for writing lots of explicit rules). o meant that it would be found - therefore, I presume it's an interaction with the main name and pattern-based rules, but I have not been able to find what that may be. x Ys = a_1. GNU Make pattern rule depending on non-pattern file. o and $(OBJS)/production/%. Whenever you hit issues like this the simplest thing to do is run make -d . In particular, the above makefile is not in any way a problem for make. run: % . o : %. Notionally, at this point we have: Now we're taking that and introducing A pattern rule is a concise way of specifying a rule for many files at once. See Pattern Rules, for more information on pattern rules. When a pattern rule’s target is just ‘%’, it matches any file name whatever. Viewed 9k times 3 I'm trying to create a Makefile that will compile terminfo files residing in a directory via tic. c': %. There may also be prerequisites that do not use ‘ % ’; such a prerequisite Here are some examples of pattern rules actually predefined in make. md file present in the folder?. yyy respectively. o file3. 82 (released 12 years ago), make will resolve pattern rules using a "shortest stem" rule; if multiple patterns match then the pattern with the shortest stem (the most specific match) will win. While *. pid make: *** No rule to make target 'foo. x b. make uses the target file name to determine which implicit rule to invoke. See section Defining and Redefining Pattern Rules, for more information on pattern rules. pattern matching rule in makefile. a target that is added to the . A pattern rule looks like an ordinary rule, except that its target contains the character ‘%’ (exactly I want to make a GNU Makefile, in which for every targets like <dirname>/stamp-<stampname>: the following command is executed: cd <dirname> && make stamp 4. ” $(FILES) is enumerating a list of dependencies that you might want to create. I will try to explain it in bit more detail. An explicit rule tells make THIS is how you build this target. There is one exception: if a pattern target is out of date or does not exist and the makefile does not need to build it, then it will not cause the other targets to be considered In my Makefile I have a pattern rule %. dat : countwords. How does the pattern rule work? In order for the pattern rule to apply, its target pattern must match the file name under consideration and all of its prerequisites (after pattern substitution) must name files that exist or can be made. o is a target pattern (hence the "pattern-specific" name). Even if you explicitly add in a %: %. First, the rule that compiles ‘. For example, the following would cancel the rule that runs the assembler: %. asy or using the source list I have like $(ASY_OBJ) : $(ASY_SRC). o $(objects) $(link) and I wouldn't have to write out a new rule for each app. Hot Network Questions How to make a pattern rule in a Makefile with multiple patterns? 1. e: touch $@ b%: a% ln -sf $(notdir $<) $@ clean: rm -f a* b* but it fails: $ make touch a touch a. o has three prerequisites, but as they do not exist, they aren't specified as explicit targets, and they only appear as prerequisites of Defining and Redefining Pattern Rules. SUFFIXES:, it says make: *** No rule to make target test. 5 Defining and Redefining Pattern Rules. after reading in all makefiles, make will consider each as a goal target and attempt to This is known as Static Pattern Rules. Makefile pattern rules on multiple subdirectories. 82, GNU make always went by strict ordering: the first pattern rule that matched was used. e b b. Stop. /$< garbage: main does not seem to work. Implicit rules tell make how to use customary methods to build certain types of target files, which are used very often. Makefile pattern rules cannot expand into directory with wildcards. c gcc -c $< -o $@ Static pattern rules are rules which specify Multiple target patterns in pattern rules are always treated as grouped targets (see Multiple Targets in a Rule) regardless of whether they use the : or &: separator. And then I just state that rm-/some/file is a dependency of make uninstall, and expect make to match this pattern rule. result extensions. My example was not intended to be a complete makefile. *is a wildcard which gets you a list and is "shell" related. Actually, the following statement is printed to when make is considering makefile itself as a target. They are very useful, but it can take The general pattern of a rule looks like this: target: dependencies actions. out cp world. This somehow relates to secondary-expanded dependencies which are provided by pattern rules. txt ($* = foo/bar), it makes no difference with my example. PHONY) is via this dependency also executed in a phony style (everytime, unconditionally of the filesystem erronously having a file with a coninciding name). This algorithm results in more specific rules being preferred over more generic ones; for example: The order in which pattern rules appear in the makefile is important since this is the order in which they are considered. Follow asked Feb 28, 2019 at 1:27. foo: %. Pattern rules work: $ ls Makefile hello. txt cp $< $@ $ make cp hello. dat file from a . y b_1. bar file. To get different behavior for each of the targets matched I have a main Makefile that calls Makefiles placed in subfolders. I can write individual rules for the . 81, and before that it Well, the fact of the matter is that, with an empty Makefile and a file test. 2. cpp one, while the second rule will generate a main file from all the . For this target, make would have to consider making it by linking an object file foo. To create The order in which pattern rules appear in the makefile is important since this is the order in which they are considered. You happen to know exactly what's missing so you can suggest the specific message that would help you, but of course make can't know which one of all those The solution is already in @John's comment. Makefile: Pattern rule as first rule. I could set up separate pattern rules for $(OBJS)/test/%. Makefile refuses to match target patterns under strange circumstances. o file for each . %: %. md │ ├── source3. txt world. How to do a makefile function that generate rules an return to build objects. This example will find it needs to make "exe", then search to make "foo. Each item/word in the last argument is compared against this pattern, and if it matches, it is replaced with the second argument. The stem is then substituted for every % that appears in the prerequisite list. How to share the same recipe for multiple pattern rules in Make? Hot Network Questions What is a "hard-boiled turtle-slapper"? Makefile pattern rules. Make file: Pattern Rules. o: file1. I understand that an "explicit" pattern rule will take precedence on its implicit counterpart when its prerequisites can be made. 8 Empty Target Files to Record Events; 4. bar have to be made it will be executed two times (for the stems baz and In this advanced tutorial on Makefile, I will teach you how to use automatic dependency tracking, variables, and pattern rules. If there is in the makefile a pattern rule: build/objs/%. Makefile macro to generate rules. PHONY: filter can be used in Static pattern rules to match the correct files. cpp`) make knows that each time it runs that recipe it will create one output file matching that pattern. Often it is convenient to put commands into the makefile that don't actually build a file, but are somehow logically associated with the build process. foo and blargh. c $(HEADERS) There are two basic types of rules in a makefile: explicit rules and implicit rules. The Makefile: ## prepare the dir structure # mkdir -p bs{1,2 For somewhat-related questions, see GNU make seems to ignore non-terminal match-anything rules for intermediate files and Force make to use a more specific rule. Implicit rules are ones where make computes the target from the rule: it includes both suffix rules and pattern rules. 10. o, % will carry value hello. foo and baz. I also tried double-colon rules but they only process the first object until one of the rules doesn't match, and also ideally I'm looking for something that would work Makefile, pattern rule with sub directory only work with the first dependence. c file, that make needs to check. However, the GNU make manual has this to say about the syntax of static pattern rules: When the target-pattern matches a target, the `%' can match any part of the target name; this part is called the stem. o; but, then is there a way to limit pattern matches for . o %. dat file are identical apart from the text and data file names. Static A static pattern rule, contrary to what's implied by its name, is not actually creating an implicit rule (pattern or suffix rule). out . The % matches a non-empty string called the stem. You specify a A pattern rule can be used to build a given file only if there is a target pattern that matches the file name, and all prerequisites in that rule either exist or can be built. The rules you write take A pattern rule is indicated by a single % character in the target. 82, gmake instead prefers the pattern that results in the shortest stem. It is important to do this before installing the built-in pattern rules below, so that makefile-specified suffix rules take precedence over built-in pattern rules. f; but with a Makefile that contains exactly the line . d files and one test. Assume I have a code producing output depending on a single input variable, which I want to run for a range of input values. [user]$ make --no-builtin-rules asd make: *** No rule to make target 'asd'. Pattern rule depending on another pattern rule. o ’ files: $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $< -o $@ defines a rule that can Pattern Rules. Explicit rules are ones where the target is an actual file; this includes static pattern rules. o: src/%. The output is voluminous but it is also very enlightening: find the section where it's trying to build config. rules for makefile with flags. In that context, $< is empty. The rule will depend on the file names, but usually it depends on them in a simple way. o, $(FILENAMES)) $(FILENAMES_OBJ): %. Make - Apply rule to a dynamically created file. . md pandoc $< -o $@ How can I create a rule which runs this rule for all the *. cpp <recipe> Makefile:12: target `foo' doesn't match the target pattern Makefile:12: target `bar' doesn't match the target pattern make: *** No rule to make target `bin/foo', needed by `all'. But they don't have makefile pattern rules: single wildcard, multiple instances in prerequisite. test foo. raw and . cpp to figure out if main. o files than for the "product" . txt2 - it happily creates test. A pattern rule looks like an ordinary rule, except that its target contains the character ‘%’ (exactly one of them). Example. It seems that placing this dependency in the pattern would be annoying all: $(FILES) python simulation. d echo `time` &gt; $@ *. x: $(filter a%,$(Ys)) In that case, make chooses the pattern rule with the shortest stem. py $(FILES): %. e make: *** No rule to make target 'b', needed by 'all'. objects = *. It would only cancel the pattern rule if the pattern rule had no recipe. makefile: % pattern in prerequisite $(variable) 0. These A short walk-through of pattern rules in Makefile, targetted at people who have a little scripting experience. obj/%. Here is, pretty much, the simplest makefile, which compiles a single source file into an executable: Static pattern rules are rules which specify multiple targets and construct the prerequisite names for each target based on the target name. dat : books/%. Your second rule's target – i. Tripleee gives a reasonable explanation, except the statement when we build foo, bar depends on baz is somewhat confusing. 82, when gmake finds multiple matches during a pattern search, it prefers patterns declared earlier in the makefile over patterns declared later. It may not be knowable in advance whether all the mainx In that case, make will choose the rule with the shortest stem (that is, the pattern that matches most specifically). For example: %. The double colon makes the rule terminal, which means that its prerequisite may not be an intermediate file (see Match-Anything Pattern Rules). If you want to use them in your recipe you must escape them However the following does not work. o: main. 9 Special Built-in Target Names; 4. However I would recommend using a makefile rather than setting variables in your environment, so you can easily perform the build as another user etc. Make: Setting target-specific variables in static pattern rules. d: echo `time` &gt; $@ There are no . x: %. As you can read in the GNU make manual, the percent acts as a wildcard. They are more general than ordinary rules with multiple targets While building Makefile with some pattern % rule, I've discovered unexpected, yet desirable behavior. multiple implicit (or pattern) rules 10. How can one express such a dependence in a (GNU) Makefile? I have two sets of files $(Xs) and $(Ys). My project structure looks something like: project/ + Makefile + src/ + This is because of how makefiles are remade. pdf: %. We can replace these rules with a single pattern rule which can be used 10. Double-colon rules are explicit rules written with ‘::’ instead of ‘:’ after the target names. specifies how to make a file n. c ’ files into ‘. o The proper way to phrase that if there no '. 7 Rules without Recipes or Prerequisites; 4. The stem is then substituted for every % that appears in the A rule appears in the makefile and says when and how to remake certain files, called the rule’s targets (most often only one per rule). OBJS = foo. – Most makefiles contain pattern rules for compilation, but you can depend on the builtin rules if you want. For example, ‘%. txt ($* = foo) and foo/databar. out world. c $(SHELL) -ec '$(CC) -M $(CPPFLAGS) $< \ | sed In order for the pattern rule to apply, its target pattern must match the file name under consideration and all of its prerequisites (after pattern substitution) must name files that In order for the pattern rule to apply, its target pattern must match the file name under consideration, and its dependency patterns must name files that exist or can be made. o and see what patterns it's trying and The reason for this is in how make does its pattern rules. txt2. The rule. Makefile pattern rule targets for pattern part. make - Your rule main-gs-%-m. CXXCOMP=g++ CXXFLAGS=-std=c++11 -g %. o is up-to-date, and the same for each of the others I'm trying to use GNU Make's pattern rules to automatically generate precompiled headers from a directory full of headers. The new rule’s position in the sequence of implicit rules is determined by where you write the new rule. Makefile: How to write a pattern rule with prerequisite without suffix. Complex pattern replacement in GNU make. Hot Network Questions When my modem places a Here is a simple Makefile content:. 1 Introduction to Pattern Rules. bar: %. 4. x files and use a function to compute the dependencies for it. replacement in As John says, make has 13 different pattern rules for building %. A short walk-through of pattern rules in Makefile, targetted at people who have a little scripting experience. This fails with make: *** No rule to make target . Here is a complete test case: I want to use make and create a static pattern rule that has the target in a output directory, and the prerequisite files are in the preceeding directory, and it has to work recursively. In this case it takes your rule bin/%/ $(BLD)/%/: , which you clearly intended Makefile:12: target `foo' doesn't match the target pattern Makefile:12: target `bar' doesn't match the target pattern make: *** No rule to make target `bin/foo', needed by `all'. c echo Do something with those source files I would like to use Pattern Rules as follow: all: a a. 11 Multiple Rules The ifneq line is evaluated only once, when make starts up and parses the makefile. cc # command to compile comes here After rigourous searching in the net, I found out what the above statement does, But I came across another statement below. See the documentation on pattern rules. c as its prerequisite, provided that n. So, change your makefile to: build/%. Makefile pattern rule with multiple targets. 12 Static Pattern Rules. Writing a Makefile rule, for a SINGLE target with MULTIPLE First, Make sometimes removes trailing slashes from targets, which can cause some confusion. foo'. GNU make - how to set an implicit pattern as a prerequisite. You can cancel a built-in implicit rule by defining a pattern rule with the same target and prerequisites, but no recipe. o: %b is a rule where %. The purpose is to create a Makefile to generate different executables out of the same code. cpp rule. Learn makefile - Pattern Rules with multiple targets. o baz. But they don't have an extension, and I'm pretty sure that: %: %. Each target is matched against the target-pattern to extract a part of the target name, called the stem. Note that expansion using `%' in pattern rules occurs after any variable or function expansions, which take place when the makefile is read. This rule would If the target of a rule contains a %, then it is interpreted by GNU make as a pattern rule. The goals were to implement a simple makefile which would take source files from different folders, put all the resulting object files in the /build folder and the final executable in the /bin folder (please see the intended structure below). cpp ist not recognized by the Makefile below. bar. Also you can use a makefile to create the default target. @pokche, unless you have more than 5 such targets, I would stop worrying about getting it work using a pattern rule. hbyjbn ohc kwran pwwd atv dsyz xlmx cejfrz ncphqp fdvz